Mais de 50 ensaios clínicos randomizados
Para quem ainda não está familiarizado, sugiro a leitura destas 4 postagens para compreender a importância de basear as condutas em alto nível de evidência:
A Public Health Collaboration, uma organização sem fins lucrativos do Reino Unido dedicada a divulgar dados científicos sobre alimentação, e que já fez um relatório que deu o que falar na Inglaterra em maio passado (veja aqui), compilou agora todos os ensaios clínicos randomizados nos quais low carb foi comparado com low fat. Quando eu afirmo que a preponderância da literatura favorece low carb, eis as evidências:
Com vocês, a totalidade da evidência:
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- São 54 ensaios clínicos randomizados ao todo
- Dentre estes 54, em 47 deles low carb produziu perda de peso maior, em 2 deles foi igual, e em 5 low fat foi melhor.
- A perda de peso com low carb foi maior COM SIGNIFICÂNCIA ESTATÍSTICA em 27 dos 54 estudos
- Não houve perda de peso maior com low fat, com significância estatística, em NENHUM dos estudos
Com vocês, a totalidade da evidência:
Tabela de ensaios clínicos randomizados comparando dietas de baixo carboidrato (com menos de 130g de carboidratos por dia) com dietas de baixa gordura (com menos de 35% de gorduras ao dia):
Tim e Fr am e Low Car b (LC) Low Fat (LF) Subje cts
& Re fe re nce We ight Los s We ight Los s (LC v LF)
| |||
6 Months [1]
|
8.5k g*
|
3.9kg
|
22 v 20
|
12 Months [2]
|
4.3k g
|
2.5kg
|
20 v 17
|
6 Months [3]
|
5.8k g*
|
1.9kg
|
43 v 36
|
12 Weeks [4]
|
9.9k g*
|
4.1kg
|
16 v 14
|
12 Weeks [5]
|
6.2k g*
|
3.4kg
|
22 v 23
|
24 Weeks [6]
|
12.7k g*
|
7.2kg
|
46 v 34
|
30-50 Days [7]
|
5.5k g*
|
3.5kg
|
28 v 28
|
10 Weeks [8]
|
7.0k g
|
6.8kg
|
15 v 16
|
6 Weeks [9]
|
6.2k g
|
6.0kg
|
16 v 16
|
6 Weeks [10]
|
6.4k g*
|
4.2kg
|
12 v 11
|
3 Months [11]
|
3.55k g*
|
0.92kg
|
40 v 39
|
12 Weeks [12]
|
6.3k g
|
5.3kg
|
49 v 47
|
12 Months [13]
|
4.7k g*
|
2.2kg
|
68 v 61
|
8 Weeks [14]
|
7.8k g*
|
6.4kg
|
48 v 45
|
3 Months [15]
|
6.9k g*
|
2.1kg
|
10 v 10
|
24 Weeks [16]
|
11.1k g*
|
6.9kg
|
21 v 29
|
2 Y ears [17]
|
5.5k g*
|
3.3kg
|
83 v 94
|
8 Weeks [18]
|
7.5k g*
|
6.2kg
|
52 v 47
|
24 Weeks [19]
|
11.9k g
|
10.1kg
|
45 v 43
|
12 Weeks [20]
|
10.1k g*
|
5.2kg
|
20 v 20
|
12 Months [21]
|
14.5k g
|
11.5kg
|
33 v 36
|
13 Weeks [22]
|
13.2k g*
|
7.3kg
|
18 v 15
|
24 Months [23]
|
3.6k g
|
3.1kg
|
31 v 30
|
3 Months [24]
|
5.5k g*
|
2.6kg
|
15 v 18
|
12 Months [25]
|
5.6k g*
|
1.4kg
|
59 v 60
|
4 Months [26]
|
9.79k g*
|
6.14kg
|
20 v 20
|
8 Weeks [27]
|
8.4k g*
|
6.7kg
|
32 v 28
|
12 Months [28]
|
3.1k g
|
3.1k g
|
47 v 49
|
2 Y ears [29]
|
6.34kg
|
7.37k g
|
154 v 153
|
24 Months [30]
|
1.5k g
|
0.2kg
|
28 v 40
|
12 Weeks [31]
|
6.8k g
|
5.2kg
|
18 v 15
|
12 Weeks [32]
|
8.0k g*
|
6.4kg
|
24 v 21
|
1 Y ear [33]
|
13.7k g
|
13.7k g
|
55 v 51
|
1 Y ear [34]
|
5.1k g
|
3.1kg
|
62 v 64
|
48 Weeks [35]
|
11.37k g
|
9.62kg
|
57 v 65
|
3 Months [36]
|
5.0k g
|
3.7kg
|
63 v 66
|
24 Weeks [37]
|
12.0k g
|
11.5kg
|
46 v 47
|
6 Months [38]
|
6.0k g
|
5.9kg
|
57 v 174
|
1 Y ear [39]
|
2.1kg
|
3.0k g
|
40 v 40
|
6 Weeks [40]
|
6.1k g*
|
3.9kg
|
15 v 15
|
24 Weeks [41]
|
7.1k g*
|
4.7kg
|
28 v 30
|
3 Months [42]
|
7.6k g*
|
4.3kg
|
22 v 19
|
6 Months [43]
|
4.3k g
|
4.0kg
|
29 v 30
|
6 Months [44]
|
2.6k g
|
1.4kg
|
12 v 12
|
8 Weeks [45]
|
7.4k g
|
6.5kg
|
12 v 12
|
6 Months [46]
|
6.8k g
|
5.6kg
|
53 v 57
|
3 Months [47]
|
3.4kg
|
4.1k g
|
150 v 150
|
12 Months [48]
|
11.8k g*
|
6.9kg
|
55 v 55
|
1 Y ear [49]
|
2.9kg
|
3.7k g
|
30 v 30
|
6 Months [50]
|
8.5k g*
|
3.5kg
|
43 v 35
|
52 Weeks [51]
|
9.8kg
|
10.1k g
|
41 v 37
|
6 Months [52]
|
9.1k g
|
8.9kg
|
25 v 24
|
6 Months [53]
|
8.0k g
|
5.7kg
|
21 v 17
|
6 Months [54]
|
1.6k g*
|
0.6kg
|
30 v 32
|
Totals :
|
27/54 Ar e Sig. >
|
0/54 Ar e Sig. >
|
2101 v 2197
|
47/54 Are > LF
|
5/54 Are > LC
| ||
(2 Ar e Equal)
|
References:
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[2] A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet for Obesity. Foster et al. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022207
[3] A Low-Carbohydrate as Compared with a Low-Fat Diet in Severe Obesity. Samaha et al. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022637
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[5] The National Cholesterol Education Program Diet vs a Diet Lower in Carbohydrates and Higher in Protein and Monounsaturated Fat A Randomized Trial. Aude et al. http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx? articleid=217514
[6] A Low-Carbohydrate, Ketogenic Diet versus a Low-Fat Diet To Treat Obesity and Hyperlipidemia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Yancy et al. http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=717451
[7] Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Volek et al.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC538279/
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[9] Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high- fat, low-carbohydrate diet. Hernandez et al. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/91/3/578.long
[10] Perceived Hunger Is Lower and Weight Loss Is Greater in Overweight Premenopausal Women Consuming a Low-Carbohydrate/High-Protein vs High-Carbohydrate/Low-Fat Diet. Nickols-Richardson et al.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000282230501151X/
[11] Short-term effects of severe dietary carbohydrate-restriction advice in Type 2 diabetes—a randomized controlled trial. Daly et al. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01760.x/abstract
[12] Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia. Krauss et al. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/83/5/1025.full
[13] Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN Diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors Among Overweight Premenopausal Women The A TO Z Weight Loss Study: A RandomizedTrial. Gardner et al. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=205916
[14] Low- and high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets have similar effects on mood but not cognitive performance. Halyburton et al. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/86/3/580.long
[15] A low-carbohydrate diet is more effective in reducing body weight than healthy eating in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Dyson et al. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-
[16] The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Westman et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2633336/
[17] Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet. Shai et al. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0708681
[18] Effects of weight loss from a very-low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial function and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in subjects with abdominal obesity. Keogh et al.http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/87/3/567.long
[19] Metabolic Effects of Weight Loss on a Very-Low-Carbohydrate Diet Compared With an Isocaloric High- Carbohydrate Diet in Abdominally Obese Subjects. Tay et al.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109707032597
[20] Carbohydrate Restriction has a More Favorable Impact on the Metabolic Syndrome than a Low Fat Diet. Volek et al. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11745-008-3274-2
[21] Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo. Brinkworth et al. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/90/1/23.long
[22] Efficacy and Safety of a High Protein, Low Carbohydrate Diet for Weight Loss in Severely Obese
[23] In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. Guldbrandet al. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-012-2567-4/fulltext.html
[24] A Randomized Pilot Trial of a Moderate Carbohydrate Diet Compared to a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight or Obese Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or Prediabetes. Saslow et al.http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0091027
[25] Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial. Bazzano et al. http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1900694
[26] The Role of Energy Expenditure in the Differential Weight Loss in Obese Women on Low-Fat and Low- Carbohydrate Diets. Brehm et al. http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2004-1540
[27] Effects of a Low Carbohydrate Weight Loss Diet on Exercise Capacity and Tolerance in Obese Subjects. Brinkworth et al. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2009.134/full
[28] Comparative Study of the Effects of a 1-Year Dietary Intervention of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet Versus a Low-Fat Diet on Weight and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes. Davis et al.http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/32/7/1147
[29] Weight and Metabolic Outcomes After 2 Years on a Low-Carbohydrate Versus Low-Fat Diet: A Randomized Trial. Foster et al. http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=745937
[30] Effects of a Low-intensity Intervention That Prescribed a Low-carbohydrate vs. a Low-fat Diet in Obese, Diabetic Participants. Iqbal et al. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2009.460/full
[31] Consuming a hypocaloric high fat low carbohydrate diet for 12 weeks lowers C-reactive protein, and raises serum adiponectin and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in obese subjects. Ruth et al.http://www.metabolismjournal.com/article/S0026-0495(13)00223-0/abstract
[32] Comparison of isocaloric very low carbohydrate/high saturated fat and high carbohydrate/low saturated fat diets on body composition and cardiovascular risk. Noakes et al.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1368980/
[33] Long-term Effects of a Very Low-Carbohydrate Diet and a Low-Fat Diet on Mood and Cognitive
[34] The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Stern et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15148064
[35] A Randomized Trial of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet vs Orlistat Plus a Low-Fat Diet for Weight Loss. Yancy et al. 2010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20101008
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[37] A very low-carbohydrate, low-saturated fat diet for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial. Tay et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25071075
[38] Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC “diet trials”. Truby et al. http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7553/1309
[39] Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone Diets for Weight Loss and Heart Disease Risk Reduction:A Randomized Trial. Dansinger et al. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx? articleid=200094
[40] Very Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets Affect Fasting Lipids and Postprandial Lipemia Differently in
[41] Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a high-carbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. McAuley et al. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-004-1603-4/fulltext.html
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[43] Advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet has a favourable impact on low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet. Jonasson et al.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025600/
[44] A non-calorie-restricted low-carbohydrate diet is effective as an alternative therapy for patients with type
[45] Low-Fat Versus Low-Carbohydrate Weight Reduction Diets Effects on Weight Loss, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Risk: A Randomized Control Trial. Bradley et al.http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/58/12/2741.long
[46] Weight loss with high and low carbohydrate 1200 kcal diets in free living women. Lean et al. http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v51/n4/abs/1600391a.html
[47] Evaluation of weight loss and adipocytokines levels after two hypocaloric diets with different macronutrient distribution in obese subjects with rs9939609 gene variant. De Luis et al.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.2323/abstract
[48] Enhanced weight loss with protein-enriched meal replacements in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Flechtner-Mors et al. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dmrr.1097/abstract
[49] Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no- intervention control. Lim et al. http://www.nmcd-journal.com/article/S0939-4753(09)00124-0/abstract
[50] A randomized study comparing the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet and a conventional diet on lipoprotein subfractions and C-reactive protein levels in patients with severe obesity. Seshadri et al.http://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(04)00344-4/abstract
[51] Comparison of low- and high-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes management: a randomized trial. Tay et al. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2015/07/29/ajcn.115.112581.abstract
[52] Weight loss on low-fat vs. low-carbohydrate diets by insulin resistance status among overweight adults and adults with obesity: A randomized pilot trial. Gardner et al.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.21331/abstract
[53] Metabolic impact of a ketogenic diet compared to a hypocaloric diet in obese children and adolescents. Partsalaki et al. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23155696
[54] A randomized controlled trial of 130 g/day low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control. Sato et al. http://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(16)30169-8/pdf
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